Leveraging the French Language in West African International Relations: Soft Power, Diplomatic Influence, and Regional Cooperation across Francophone and Non States

Abstract

The French language continues to play a strategic role in shaping international relations in West Africa, a region characterized by a linguistic divide between Francophone and non-Francophone states. Rooted in colonial history, the prevalence of French in diplomacy, education, and administration has granted it enduring influence in regional affairs. However, this linguistic legacy also presents challenges for inclusive communication, cooperation, and integration among diverse West African nations. This study examines how the French language is being leveraged as a tool of soft power and diplomatic influence, not only by Francophone states but also by non-Francophone actors seeking strategic entry into regional and international platforms dominated by French-speaking institutions. The research aims to explore the extent to which the French language facilitates or hinders regional cooperation, with particular attention to its use in multilateral organizations such as Economic Community of West African States and the African Union. A population comprising diplomatic actors, institutional officials, academics, and regional cooperation professionals involved in international relations in West Africa, across both Francophone and non-Francophone states were purposively selected. This sample size ensures balanced representation of the region’s diverse linguistic and institutional contexts. A qualitative methodology is employed, including document analysis of treaties, policy papers, and official communications, as well as interviews with members of the diplomatic corps and language policy experts. The study reveals how linguistic dynamics influence diplomatic engagement, and how French functions as both a bridge and a barrier in West African integration efforts.